1. Definition

Forging is an ancient metalworking process where metal is shaped into the desired form through plastic deformation. This is achieved by applying pressure or strikes, often in a heated state, to enhance material properties and create specific shapes. Forging can be done manually using hammers and anvils or industrially with machines like presses and hammers.

2. Applications

• Industry and Manufacturing:
  Forging is widely used in industries such as mechanical engineering, automotive, and aerospace. Forged parts like gears, axles, and pistons offer superior strength and durability.

• Toolmaking:
  The process is frequently used for crafting tools, knives, and other equipment where hardness and precision are essential.

• Art and Design:
  In the artistic domain, forging enables the creation of decorative items such as railings, gates, and sculptures.

• Medical Technology:
  Forged components are used in surgical instruments and prosthetics due to their precision and resilience.

3. Types of Forging

1. Open-Die Forging:

   • This method involves shaping metal between an anvil and a hammer. It is a flexible technique often used for large or custom workpieces.

2. Closed-Die or Impression-Die Forging:

   • In this process, metal is pressed or hammered into pre-designed dies. It offers greater precision and is ideal for mass production.

3. Hot Forging:

   • The metal is heated to increase its malleability. This is the most common forging type, allowing for significant reductions in required forces.

4. Cold Forging:

   • Unlike hot forging, the material is processed at room temperature. It provides higher dimensional accuracy and better surface finish.

5. Precision Forging:

   • This technique combines impression and cold forging to produce parts with high accuracy and minimal post-processing.

Forging remains an essential process in modern manufacturing, offering a balance of material efficiency, strength, and precision.