1. Definition

Ballast, also known as track ballast, is a material made of coarse, angular stones used as a foundation and stabilizing material for railroad tracks. The ballast layer provides support to the ties and rails, ensuring track stability and safety. Track ballast absorbs vibrations caused by train traffic and facilitates drainage, maintaining the structural integrity of the railway track bed. Typically, ballast is made from durable rock types such as granite or basalt.

2. Application in Industry

Track ballast is a crucial component in railway construction and is used in several areas:

• Railway Infrastructure: Ballast stabilizes the track bed, reduces rail movement, and prevents ground deformation. It keeps the ties and rails in position even under heavy train loads.

• Track Construction and Maintenance: Ballast is routinely used in track construction and is replaced during maintenance operations. Over time, ballast wears down and loses its shape, requiring replacement to maintain the functionality of the track bed.

• Drainage: Ballast plays a key role in drainage by preventing water accumulation and protecting the railway infrastructure from frost damage and erosion.

3. Types of Track Ballast

• High-Strength Ballast: Made from durable rocks like granite or basalt, this ballast is suitable for high-speed and heavily used railways.

• Recycled Ballast: Composed of recycled materials, this type of ballast is commonly used on secondary lines or less busy tracks, helping to conserve resources and reduce costs.

• Drainage Ballast: Specifically designed for optimal water drainage, drainage ballast has a coarser granulation and is used in areas with high moisture.

• Lightweight Ballast: Made from lighter rocks like limestone, it is primarily used in low-load areas such as sidings and freight yards.